Making better materials. Scientists are using nanotechnology to make everyday materials stronger, lighter, more durable, or more electrically conductive. For example, engineers have used silicon carbide nanowires to make aircraft materials lighter and several times stronger than before, which helps build more fuel-efficient airplanes. Researchers have also utilized nanotechnology to turn textile waste into metal-organic coatings that make fabrics highly water-repellent without harmful chemicals, offering a more sustainable route to durable rainwear and outdoor gear. And scientists have added conductive copper nanowires to flexible polymers to boost their ability to generate electrical power from motion, bringing us one step closer to self-charging wearable electronics.

Advancing Biomedicine. Nanotechnology is increasingly reshaping medicine by allowing doctors to work at the tiny scale of cells, proteins, and even DNA. Scientists can engineer nanoparticles to carry drugs, improve medical imaging, and create more personalized treatments by targeting specific tissues or disease pathways while minimizing side effects. Researchers are already translating these broad ideas into practical strategies for fighting disease. Scientists have used polymer-based nanoparticles to deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to aggressive brain tumors in mice, slowing tumor growth while sparing healthy tissue. Other researchers have used nanoparticles to treat osteoporosis by transporting bone-building molecules through the bloodstream to strengthen bones more effectively than current treatments.

Transforming pollution control. Nanotechnology is also offering some innovative tools for tackling environmental problems that are threatening ecosystems and human health. Researchers from South Africa recently summarized how nanoparticles could offer “transformative solutions” to tackle industrial pollution, treat wastewater, purify drinking water, improve air quality, and remediate microplastics. In one example, material scientists developed iron oxide nanoparticles with water-repelling coatings that can bind micro- and nanoplastic particles in water. Once the plastics attach to the nanoparticles, scientists can use a magnet to pull the clumps out of both freshwater and seawater more quickly and easily than traditional filtration methods.

Enhancing food production and sustainability. Farmers are increasingly using nanotechnology in agriculture, including nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanosensors for monitoring soil, pests, and even crop quality. In addition, scientists are developing new nanotechnology to help reduce food safety risks, improve supply chain management, and decrease food waste. For example, researchers at the Institute of Food Science and Technology in China recently developed color-shifting carbon nanodots that can detect spoiled foods. When integrated into food packaging, these sensors enable contactless, real-time assessment of meat freshness using only UV light and a smartphone.

Hidden microbes dominate Earth’s deep soils. Deep beneath Earth’s surface lies a largely unexplored ecosystem known as the Critical Zone. This region of soil forms a dynamic interface where rock, water, air, and life interact. It contains much lower amounts of carbon and nutrients than surface soils, yet hosts microbial populations comparable in size to those aboveground. Scientists don’t understand how microorganisms survive and function under such starved conditions. Recently, researchers showed that an understudied bacterium is widespread in deep soils worldwide and is specially adapted to life with very little energy. Read about it here.

Viruses join forces with bacteria to fight cancer. A team of researchers at Columbia University designed a new method to fight cancerous tumors using a combination of bacteria and viruses. They infected cells of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium with the virus Senecavirus A. When tumor cells absorbed these bacteria, they became infected with the virus, replicated it within themselves, and then died, spreading it to other cells. They found that this treatment was 100% successful in shrinking tumors in mice. Read about it here.

Single-gene therapy to improve Alzheimer’s. Researchers at UC-San Francisco and the Gladstone Institute demonstrated that removing a single gene from the nerve cells of mice can reduce brain issues related to Alzheimer’s disease. They found that mice with this gene had more brain decline, nerve cell death, and tangled tau proteins than mice without it. While their results still need to be confirmed in humans, they stated that this gene could someday help develop medications to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Read about it here.